Pulmonary disorders are a commonly affecting illness that affects people of all ages worldwide. Common pulmonary disorders include pulmonary hypertension, cystic fibrosis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, lung cancer, and COVID-19. Treatments of these disorders vary but can be broadly categorized into pharmacological (medicinal), non-pharmacological, rehabilitation, and surgical techniques. Often, a combination of these approaches is used, both for symptomatic relief and treatment. Regarding these prophylactic and therapeutic approaches, advances are rapidly being made and currently, scientists are investigating modern and unique “theranostics” approaches. However, there is a lacuna in drug delivery, pharmacokinetic aspects, and drug-induced adverse effects. One particular area of improvement that needs to be immediately addressed is the drug delivery system to significantly improve healthcare associated with pulmonary disorders. Natural polymer-based drug delivery systems are widely adopted for their ease of production, lack of biotoxicity, and strong affinity. Of the natural polymer-based drug delivery systems, chitosan, sodium alginates, albumin, hydroxyapatite, and hyaluronic acid are the most common natural polymers. Each of these natural polymers has its own preferred use, either due to tissue-specific delivery or medical property packaging. The current scientific article discusses the common pulmonary disorders, their pathophysiology, and the current therapeutic approaches. Additionally, we discuss the major natural polymer drug delivery systems, including their properties and common uses.